India’s 2024 Elections: The World’s Largest Democratic Exercise

Written by Stefan van der Berg (Ministry Leader dia-LOGOS)

It is the world’s – and history’s – largest ever democratic exercise, with 969 million registered voters eligible to cast their vote using 5.5 million electronic voting machines over 44 days. The votes will be counted, and results will be announced on June 4.

From the Himalayas in the north to the Indian Ocean in the south, from the hills of the east to the deserts in the west, and in concrete jungles that are some of the world’s biggest cities to the smallest of villages, an estimated 969 million voters are eligible to cast their ballots. The Election Commission will deploy about 15 million polling staff and security personnel to conduct the elections.

As a multiparty democracy, India’s elections will see a range of national and regional parties competing for votes. But two principal coalitions are directly facing off as contenders to lead the nation: the National Democratic Alliance (NDA) led by Prime Minister Narendra Modi’s Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP), and a coalition of 26 parties, called the Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance (INDIA), led by the main opposition, the Indian National Congress.

Comparative Facts:

Scale of Electorate:

  • India: In the 2024 elections, India's electorate has 969 million registered voters, maintaining its status as the largest democratic election in the world.
  • United States: By comparison, the United States' 2020 presidential election had around 239 million eligible voters.
  • Africa: The African continent, with 54 countries, has a cumulative electorate of over 800 million.

Number of Polling Stations:

  • India: In 2024, there are around 1.2 million polling stations set up across the country.
  • United States: The U.S. has far fewer polling stations. In the 2020 election, there were around 200,000 polling stations.

Duration of Elections:

  • India: The Indian general elections typically span over several weeks. In 2024, it is conducted in seven phases over 45 days.
  • United States: The U.S. presidential elections usually take place in a single day, the first Tuesday after the first Monday in November.

Cost of Elections:

  • India: The 2024 Indian general elections are estimated to cost around (around $14.4 billion USD). This high cost is due to several factors: The massive electorate necessitates large-scale logistics and security measures. The multi-phase nature of the elections, where voting occurs over several weeks, further inflates expenses. It's important to consider that a significant portion of the spending may not be officially reported.
  • United States: The cost of the 2020 U.S. presidential election was estimated at around $14.4 billion USD. Campaign spending by candidates and political parties is a major driver of election costs in the United States. This spending covers advertising, travel, staff salaries, and other campaign operations.

Logistical Challenges:

  • India: The logistics of conducting elections in India, particularly in remote and rural areas, pose a significant challenge.
  • United States: Although the U.S. has a vast territory, the logistics are less challenging due to a more developed infrastructure.

Diversity of Voters:

  • India: India is a highly diverse country, and its elections involve a wide range of languages, cultures, and ethnic groups.
  • United States: The U.S. also has a diverse population, but its elections are not as varied as India's.

Use of Technology:

  • India: The Indian elections increasingly rely on technology for voter registration, electronic voting, and result dissemination.
  • United States: The U.S. uses technology in its elections but to a lesser extent compared to India.

Voter Turnout:

  • India: Voter turnout in India's general elections is generally high, with the 2019 elections seeing a turnout of around 67%.
  • United States: The U.S. voter turnout varies but is generally lower than in India, with the 2020 presidential election seeing a turnout of around 66%.

Duration of Political Campaigns:

  • India: Political campaigns in India can span several months in the run-up to the elections.
  • United States: U.S. presidential campaigns typically last around two years.

Impact on Global Economy:

  • India: Due to its large population and growing economy, the outcome of Indian elections has a significant impact on the global economy.
  • United States: The U.S. election also has a considerable impact on the global economy due to its status as a superpower.
The comparative facts underline the sheer scale and complexity of the 2024 Indian electoral process, making it a unique and monumental event in the democratic world.

A Christian Perspective:

Across the political landscape, religion and religious symbolism have become entrenched. There are the right-wing Hindu nationalists who argue that India’s future peace, prosperity, and stability can only be obtained under a Ram rajya (a harkening back to a mythical golden age under the Hindu Lord Ram); senior leaders associated with the country’s leading opposition force—the Congress Party—have also embraced their Hindu faith to try to blunt the BJP’s religious appeals. The competitive jousting over religion raises unsettling questions about the minority Christian community’s future.
India is one of the most diverse religious countries with 966 million Hindus, 172 million Muslims, 28 million Christians, 20 million Sikhs, 8 million Buddhists and 4.5 million Jains.

Since 2014, India has gone from 28th place on the Open Doors World Watch List (a list that highlights the top 50 countries where Christians experience most persecution) to 11th on the most current list. That shows how the Christian minority (2%) in India has increasingly been facing persecution, discrimination, and opposition.

The New Delhi-based United Christian Forum (UCF) rights watchdog recorded 731 attacks against Christians in India last year, warning of “vigilante mobs comprising religious extremists.”

According to the Joshua project the unreached people in India make our 95.1% of the population of 1.352 Billion. If we make this into a comparative figure, the unreached people in India is 2.67% less than the total population of Africa 1.4 Billion.

Anti-conversion laws are currently in place in 12 of India’s 28 states, purporting to prevent forced or coerced conversion from one religion to another (except for conversion to Hinduism). These laws have created an environment where conversion to a minority religion is very dangerous, and sharing the gospel can lead to persecution.

Under Indian law, citizens are free to choose their religion – but Hindu extremist groups misuse the laws. These laws are often used to attack converts from Hinduism, and any pastors who are seen as evangelising to Hindus. Indian Christians are concerned that a win by the ruling party could lead to a national anti-conversion law, rather than simply state-level legislation. Anti-conversion laws already existed in seven states before the BJP came into power in the national government in 2014, but since they formed their government, anti-conversion laws or bills have been imposed in five more states. There have even been several attempts to pass a national anti-conversion law. If the BJP wins the 2024 elections, there is a high chance of an anti-conversion law being introduced.

A local Christian commented; ‘’ Modi has been engaging with the Christian community and the leaders to reassure them this country is for everyone, but if this government comes to power, minorities will be under more pressure’’.

Finally, this election will determine the contours of India’s future as a republic claiming to embrace pluralism and adherence to the founders’ notion that India’s unity is strengthened by its unparalleled diversity.